The ninth Uukwanyama King Haikukutu yaShinangola dies in Ovamboland. His successor is King Sefeni shaMukuyu (1859-1862).
The sixth Ondonga King Shipanga shAmukwiita is overthrown by his nephew Shikongo sha Kalulu (1859-1874), with military assistance from Jonker Afrikaner. Shikongo becomes new Ondonga King and Shipanga has to seek refuge with Uukwanyama King Sefeni shaMukuyu. Shikongo's royal court is in Omandongo in the Ondonga area.
Bethany: First Rhenish Missionary Church: 26.06.1859: Karas
Region
Copyright of Photo Dr. Klaus Dierks
The new political constellation as it consolidates itself in the late 1850s can be described as follows: The chiefs ||Oaseb of the Kai||khaun, Amraal Lambert or #Gai-|nub of the Kai|khauan, Piet Koper !Gamab of the Fransman Nama or !Khara-khoen, Hendrik Henricks or !Nanib gaib #Arisemab of the ||Hawoben and Jacobus Boois from Bethany support Jonker Afrikaner, while Willem Swartbooi or !Huiseb #Haobemab from Rehoboth, the chiefs from Bethany and Berseba and later Kido Witbooi or #A-||êib from Gibeon, assisted by Chief Tseib from Keetmanshoop, represent the anti-Jonker coalition.
The Rhenish missionaries greatly add to these polarisations of different Namibian groups. The intent is to destroy Jonker’s nascent state structures in order to weaken any local political power that might resist the missionaries’ objectives and later colonial annexation. Jonker’s slogan: "Africa to Africans, but Namaland and Hereroland to us" is a challenge which is not acceptable to the missionaries.
Andersson establishes Otjimbingwe – which has had a mission station since 1849 – as a trade centre after buying the local assets of the Walfish Bay Mining Company. This new Otjimbingwe-based trading network represents the greatest threat ever to the Orlam Afrikaner’s control of Hereroland.
Lung sickness breaks out among cattle in the early 1860s. In 1860 the first isolated cases of the disease are reported and trade with cattle slowly begins to suffer. Jonker and other Namibian chiefs are reluctant to grant traders, especially Andersson, the right to allow contaminated cattle to pass through areas on their way to the Cape markets. Faced with the chief’s determination to protect their own pastures and to contain the spread of the disease, Andersson reacts in two ways: No longer considering inoculation, he begins to expand support structures for his trade by purchasing two field guns in the Cape in 1860/61, and to start engaging, training and arming groups of military mercenaries stationed at Otjimbingwe.
David Radford is the first European to settle in Angra Pequeña.
David Livingstone visits for the last time the Chobe River in the area which later becomes the Caprivi Strip. His efforts to establish a mission station there fail again.
Ovaherero leader Ua Tjirue Tjamuaha undertakes a journey to Kaokoland to unite the Ovaherero against Jonker Afrikaner.
After the death of the eleventh Uukwambi King Tshikesho becomes firstly Tshikongo and in the same year Nuyoma wIipumbu (1860-1862) the thirteenth king of the Uukwambi area in Ovamboland. Due to the frequent wars with the Ongandjera, the Uukwambi area is repeatedly devastated. Capital during this time is Iino.
Omandongo, south of Onayena is the Residence of Ondonga King Shikongo sha Kalulu
Klaus Dierks
